There is a distinction between active and passive voting rights. Active voting rights refer to the right to vote itself, meaning the ability to cast a ballot in an election. Passive voting rights, by contrast, refer to the right to stand for election and run for political office. In Germany, citizens can generally vote in Bundestag elections from the age of 18, provided they have lived there for at least three months. 

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The rules are somewhat different for elections to the Berlin House of Representatives, the district assemblies, and the European Parliament elections: here, Germans can already vote from the age of 16, provided that they have also lived in Germany or another EU country for at least three months. Citizens of other EU member states are also allowed to vote in the European elections in Germany. They must live in Germany, be at least 16 years old, and have lived in Germany or another EU country for at least three months.

Both forms of voting rights are closely connected. Active voting rights ensure that people can choose their representatives, while passive voting rights determine who is allowed to stand for election in the first place.