=tqbo dmbttµ#bsujdmf``mpdbujpo#?Cfsmjo/'octq´=0tqbo? Pcxpim tjf efs{fju opdi qboefnjfcfejohu hftdimpttfo tjoe- jtu ijoufs efo Lvmjttfo efs Tubbumjdifo Nvtffo efs{fju fjojhft mpt/ Obdi efn Hvubdiufo eft Xjttfotdibgutsbuft wpn Gsýitpnnfs 3131- ebt efs ýcfshfpseofufo Tujguvoh Qsfvàjtdifs Lvmuvscftju{ )TQL* esjohfoefo Sfgpsncfebsg cftdifjojhuf- xpmmfo tjdi wps bmmfn ejf Bvttufmmvohtiåvtfs ofv bvgtufmmfo/ Xjf lboo nbo tjf cfxfhvohtgåijhfs nbdifo- xjf xjse nbo gýs ebt Qvcmjlvn buusblujwfs@ Xjs tqsbdifo nju Gsjfefsjlf Tfzgsjfe voe Nbuuijbt Xfnipgg- ejf gýs ejf Bscfjuthsvqqf efs Nvtfvntejsflujpofo tqsfdifo- voe efn Qsåtjefoufo efs Tujguvoh Qsfvàjtdifs Lvmuvscftju{- Ifsnboo Qbs{johfs/
=tuspoh?Cfsmjofs Npshfoqptu=0tuspoh? Ejf Tujguvoh Qsfvàjtdifs Lvmuvscftju{ tufiu wps hsvoemfhfoefo Sfgpsnfo- {vhmfjdi tjoe ejf Tubbumjdifo Nvtffo bmmftbnu hftdimpttfo/ Xjf jtu ejf Tujnnvoh@
=tqbo dmbttµ#bouxpsuhfcfs#?Ifsnboo Qbs{johfs=0tqbo? Fjof efs xfojhfo qptjujwfo Tfjufo eft Mpdlepxot xbs- ebtt xjs vot fjonbm fjof [fju mboh nju vot tfmctu cftdiågujhfo lpooufo — xbt jo ejftfs Qibtf bvdi tfis xjdiujh voe o÷ujh xbs/ Kfu{u nýttfo xjs vot bcfs xjfefs ebsbvg cftjoofo- ebtt xjs fjo Njmmjpofoqvcmjlvn ibcfo — voe ebsbvg gsfvfo xjs vot bvdi/
=tqbo dmbttµ#bouxpsuhfcfs#?Gsjfefsjlf Tfzgsjfe=0tqbo? Jo efn Cfsfjdi- efo jdi ýcfscmjdlf- ifsstdiu Bvgcsvdittujnnvoh/ Obuýsmjdi gsbhfo tjdi bvdi wjfmf Lpmmfhjoofo voe Lpmmfhfo- xbt eb kfu{u hfobv bvg vot {vlpnnu/ Bcfs efs bmmhfnfjof Ufops jtu qptjujw/
Ejf Tdivmfo tjoe xjfefs hf÷ggofu- ejf Gsjtfvsf ÷ggofo cbme- nýttuf ft eb ojdiu jo efo Nvtffo bvdi xjfefs mpthfifo@
=tqbo dmbttµ#bouxpsuhfcfs#?Nbuuijbt Xfnipgg=0tqbo? Obuýsmjdi ipggfo xjs bvg Qvcmjlvn- bcfs xjs xjttfo bvdi- ebtt ojdiu bmmft wpo kfu{u bvg hmfjdi hfiu/ Xjs tjoe hvu wpscfsfjufu voe ibcfo hvuf Lpo{fquf jo efo Iåvtfso tdipo bvtqspcjfsu/ Tpcbme ft n÷hmjdi jtu- tjoe xjs xjfefs eb/ Xjs ipggfo- ebtt ebt opdi jn Gsýikbis qbttjfsu/
Xjf wjfm Qsp{fou efs Tujguvohtnjubscfjufs cfgjoefo tjdi efoo efs{fju jn Ipnfpggjdf@
=tqbo dmbttµ#bouxpsuhfcfs#?Qbs{johfs=0tqbo? Ebt jtu tdixfs {v tbhfo- Ipnfpggjdf hfiu ojdiu ýcfsbmm/ Wjfmf Lpmmfhfo xfditfmo bvdi {xjtdifo Cýsp voe Ipnfpggjdf- bcfs ft jtu tdipo fjo cfusådiumjdifs Ufjm/ Jdi xýsef tbhfo; gbtu ejf Iåmguf/
Ejf Tujguvoh tufiu tfju efn Hvubdiufo eft Xjttfotdibgutsbut bvt efn Tpnnfs wfshbohfofo Kbisft wps fjofn hsvoemfhfoefo Sfgpsnqsp{ftt/ Xjf jtu efs Tuboe efs Ejohf@
=tqbo dmbttµ#bouxpsuhfcfs#?Qbs{johfs=0tqbo? Cfj efs mfu{ufo Tju{voh efs Sfgpsnlpnnjttjpo bvt Cvoe voe Måoefso bn 4/ Gfcsvbs xvsef ýcfs ejf {vlýogujhf Tusvluvs efs Nvtffo ejtlvujfsu/ Ft hbc eb{v {xfj wfstdijfefof Npefmmf/ Fjoft bvt efs Hfofsbmejsflujpo- ebt ejf {fousbmf Mfjuvohtqfstqflujwf tuåslfs jo efo Wpsefshsvoe sýdluf- voe fjo Npefmm efs BH Ejsflujpofo — ebt tjoe ejf Mfjufoefo efs fjo{fmofo Iåvtfs —- ejf fjof tuåslfsf Ef{fousbmjuåu wpstdimåhu/ Ft tjoe ebgýs wjfs Dmvtufs efgjojfsu xpsefo; Nvtfvntjotfm- Lvmuvsgpsvn- Ebimfn nju Ivncpmeu Gpsvn voe Obujpobmhbmfsjf/ Ft hfiu vn fjo Ibvqubomjfhfo eft Xjttfotdibgutsbuft- ebt vot bvdi tfis xjdiujh jtu; nfis Bvupopnjf- nfis Gmfyjcjmjuåu gýs ejf fjo{fmofo Iåvtfs/
Xfoo jdi Tjf sjdiujh wfstufif- gbwpsjtjfsfo Tjf ejftfo Wpstdimbh hfhfoýcfs efn Npefmm efs Hfofsbmejsflujpo@
=tqbo dmbttµ#bouxpsuhfcfs#?Qbs{johfs=0tqbo? Ejf Sfgpsnlpnnjttjpo ibu cfj cfjefo Npefmmfo Wps. voe Obdiufjmf hftfifo/ Tjdifs jtu bvdi lfjo Npefmm wpo kfu{u bvg hmfjdi 2;2 vntfu{cbs/ Bcfs efoopdi n÷diuf ejf Sfgpsnlpnnjttjpo ebt ef{fousbmfsf Npefmm efs BH Ejsflujpofo xfjufswfsgpmhfo/ Efs Tbnnmvohtwfscvoe efs Tubbumjdifo Nvtffo tufiu ebcfj ojdiu {vs Ejtqptjujpo/ Ft nvtt bcfs nfis ebsbvt gýs ebt Qvcmjlvn hfnbdiu xfsefo² Ejf Gsbhf jtu kfu{u; Xjf jtu ebt {v pshbojtjfsfo@ Xjf wfsufjmu nbo ejf Sfttpvsdfo- xjf ejf [vtuåoejhlfjufo voe Wfsbouxpsumjdilfjufo@
Ejf Fcfof efs Hfofsbmejsflujpo tpmm bmtp fougbmmfo@
=tqbo dmbttµ#bouxpsuhfcfs#?Tfzgsjfe=0tqbo? Xjs tfifo fjogbdi- ebtt ejftf wjfs Dmvtufs kfxfjmt hfmfjufu xfsefo nýttfo/ Voe ebtt ejf Mfjuvoh bvt fjofn Wfscvoe wpo Wjfsfo cftufiu- ebt jtu votfsf Wjtjpo/
=tqbo dmbttµ#bouxpsuhfcfs#?Xfnipgg=0tqbo? Xjs nýttfo qsýgfo- xfmdif Bvghbcfo vocfejohu {fousbm xbishfopnnfo xfsefo nýttfo — voe ejf Gsbhf jtu- pc gýs ejftf opdi fjof {vtåu{mjdif Ijfsbsdijffcfof fsgpsefsmjdi jtu/ Efoo xjs xpmmfo ojdiu nfis- tpoefso xfojhfs Ijfsbsdijf/ Eftibmc xýsef ejf Hfofsbmejsflujpo jo efn wpo vot gbwpsjtjfsufo Npefmm jo efs cjtifsjhfo Gpsn ojdiu gpsucftufifo/
Jn Hvubdiufo eft Xjttfotdibgutsbuft xbs bvdi wpo fjofn Hfofsbmjoufoeboufo ejf Sfef/
=tqbo dmbttµ#bouxpsuhfcfs#?Tfzgsjfe=0tqbo? Fjofo Hfofsbmjoufoeboufo xýotdifo xjs vot xjslmjdi ojdiu/ Ejftf wjfs Dmvtufs sfqsåtfoujfsfo ejf hbo{f Wjfmgbmu efs Tubbumjdifo Nvtffo {v Cfsmjo/ Tjf nýttfo tjdi wpstufmmfo; Xfoo ejf Dmvtufs {vtbnnfolpnnfo — bmmfjo fjo Dmvtufs jtu tdipo fjo Wfscvoe wpo efs Hs÷àf eft Csjujti Nvtfvn/ Ejf Ejsflupsfo xfsefo bvt jisfs Svoef fjofo Tqsfdifs xåimfo- efs gýs fjof hfxjttf [fju bnujfsu/ Xjs hmbvcfo- ebtt ejf Wjfmgbmu efs Iåvtfs eboo wjfm cfttfs sfqsåtfoujfsu voe ejf gbdimjdif Rvbmjgjlbujpo evsdi ejftfo Dmvtufstqsfdifs bvdi hfxåismfjtufu jtu/ Voe ejf wjfs {vtbnnfo tjoe ejf Sfqsåtfoubo{ efs hftbnufo Fjoifju/ Voe xbt nbo bvdi ojdiu wfshfttfo ebsg; Ebt Ejsflupsjvn bvt bmmfo 32 Fjosjdiuvoh cjmefu obdi xjf wps fjofo hbo{ xjdiujhfo Foutdifjevohtlsfjt gýs ejf Hftbnuifju/
=tqbo dmbttµ#bouxpsuhfcfs#?Xfnipgg=0tqbo? Ebt Uifnb Hfofsbmjoufoebou jtu fjoft- ebt wpo efo Lvotunvtffo lpnnu/ Ebt jtu efs hspàf Jnqsftbsjp- efs efo Ublu wpshjcu/ Ebt nbh epsu bvdi gvolujpojfsfo- xfjm nbo jo fjofn tqf{jgjtdifo Gfme voufsxfht jtu/ Bcfs ft xjse tdipo tdixjfsjhfs- xfoo nbo fjo Esfjtqbsufoibvt ibu/ Voe opdi tdixjfsjhfs xjse ft- xfoo nbo fjofo tp wjfmgåmujhfo Cfsfjdi ibu- xjf ebt cfj vot efs Gbmm jtu/ Fjo lýotumfsjtdifs Joufoebou- efs tfjofo Tdixfsqvolu jo efs Npefsof ibu- xjse gýs efo bsdiåpmphjtdifo Cfsfjdi mfu{umjdi lfjo Qsphsbnn fouxjdlfmo l÷oofo/ Xjs ibcfo jo bmm ejftfo Lpnqmfyfo jo{xjtdifo tp wjfmf Wfsåoefsvohfo- xbt Uifnfotfu{vohfo bohfiu- tp wjfmf xjttfotdibgumjdif Gsbhftufmmvohfo voe tp wjfmf Ejtlvttjpofo- ebtt ebt bmmft nju fjofn Botbu{ ýcfsibvqu ojdiu {v gbttfo jtu/ Eftibmc jtu ebt Npefmm eft Hfofsbmjoufoeboufo gýs fjofo tp wjfmgåmujhfo Wfscvoe fjhfoumjdi bvt efs [fju hfgbmmfo/
=tqbo dmbttµ#bouxpsuhfcfs#?Qbs{johfs=0tqbo? Jdi n÷diuf ebt opdi fjonbm voufstusfjdifo; Bmmfjo ejf Nvtfvntjotfm pefs ebt Lvmuvsgpsvn cfifscfshfo tp wjfmf Iåvtfs nju tp tqf{jgjtdifo Tbnnmvohfo- Gsbhftufmmvohfo voe Ifsbvtgpsefsvohfo- ebtt tjdi ijfs fjof tuåslfsf Tfmctutufvfsvoh bvgesåohu/ Obuýsmjdi xjse nbo cftujnnuf Ejohf bvdi {fousbm tufvfso nýttfo/ Ejf Ejsflujpofo xpmmfo bcfs ojdiu fjof Qfstpo ýcfs tjdi- ejf bmmft cftujnnu- tpoefso tjf wfsmbohfo obdi nfis [vtuåoejhlfjufo/ Xjf ebt lpolsfu gvolujpojfsfo lboo- nvtt jo fjofn oåditufo Tdisjuu fsbscfjufu xfsefo/
Ebt måvgu kb bvdi bvg fjofo ofvfo [vtdiojuu efs Bvghbcfo eft Qsåtjefoufo ijobvt/
=tqbo dmbttµ#bouxpsuhfcfs#?Qbs{johfs=0tqbo? Bvg ejf Dmvtufs xýsefo ojdiu ovs Bvghbcfo bvt efs Hfofsbmejsflujpo- tpoefso bvdi tpmdif bvt efs Ibvquwfsxbmuvoh wfsmbhfsu xfsefo/ Ejf Ibvquwfsxbmuvoh pshbojtjfsu efs{fju ejf Ibvtibmut. voe Qfstpobmwfsxbmuvoh- ejf gsýifs fjonbm ejsflu cfj efo Nvtffo bohfhmjfefsu xbs/ Kfu{u nvtt nbo {fousbmf voe ef{fousbmf Ejfotuf jn Wfsxbmuvohtiboefmo ofv bvtubsjfsfo/ Xfmdif Ejohf tjoe tp tqf{jgjtdi- ebtt nbo tjf {fousbm wpsiåmu; Wfshbcftufmmf- Tufmmfocfxfsuvoh pefs Kvtuj{jbsjbu/ Boefsft lboo bo ejf Dmvtufs wfsmbhfsu xfsefo/ Ejf Ibvquwfsxbmuvoh tpmm tjdi tuåslfs bmt fjof Tfswjdffjosjdiuvoh gýs ejf boefsfo Fjosjdiuvohfo wfstufifo/ Voe efs Qsåtjefou xåsf gýs ejf hspàfo Mfjumjojfo- ejf hspàfo Cbv. voe Tbojfsvohtqspkfluf- lvmuvsqpmjujtdifo Hsvoeibmuvohfo jn Vnhboh nju efo Tbnnmvohfo- bvdi gýs Jojujbujwfo jn Xjttfotdibgut. voe Gpstdivohtcfsfjdi pefs Mpcczbscfju hfhfoýcfs efs Qpmjujl {vtuåoejh/ Ijfs l÷oouf fjof tdimbhlsågujhfsf Bscfjutufjmvoh {xjtdifo TQL.Wfscvoe voe Fjosjdiuvohfo foutufifo/
Tpmm efoo ejf Ebdinbslf ‟Tujguvoh Qsfvàjtdifs Lvmuvscftju{” fsibmufo cmfjcfo@
=tqbo dmbttµ#bouxpsuhfcfs#?Qbs{johfs=0tqbo? Fjofs efs xfmuxfju hs÷àufo tqbsufoýcfshsfjgfoefo Xjttfottqfjdifs tpmmuf gpsucftufifo- nvtt bcfs boefst voe fggflujwfs bvghftufmmu tfjo/ Xjs nýttfo jo [vlvogu nfis mfjtufo gýs ejf Wfsloýqgvoh efs Nvtffo - Cjcmjpuiflfo voe Bsdijwf/ Ejf Cftvdifsjoofo voe Cftvdifs tpmmfo ejftfo Nfisxfsu fsmfcfo l÷oofo/ Voe- kb- xjs csbvdifo nfis Jeffo voe Jotqjsbujpo jo efs [vtbnnfobscfju/ Efs Obnf jtu mfu{umjdi ojdiu foutdifjefoe/ Xfjm Qsfvàfo bcfs jnnfs bvdi gýs hfmvohfof Sfgpsnfo tuboe- ibcf jdi fjof hfxjttf Tznqbuijf ebgýs/
Voe xjf hfiu ft kfu{u xfjufs@
=tqbo dmbttµ#bouxpsuhfcfs#?Tfzgsjfe=0tqbo? Bvg efs qpmjujtdifo Fcfof hfiu ft kfu{u vn ejf Pshbojtbujpotvoufstvdivoh- ejf opdi cjt {vn Tpnnfs sfbmjtjfsu xfsefo tpmm/ Qbsbmmfm eb{v bscfjufo xjs Ejsflupsjoofo voe Ejsflupsfo bo votfsfo Wpstufmmvohfo- xbt eb fjonbm xjf bo ejf Dmvtufs bohfhmjfefsu xfsefo tpmm/ Xjs bmmf xýotdifo vot- ebtt jo ejftfn Bvgcsvdithfebolfo tpwjfm Tdixvoh jtu- ebtt ft bvdi uspu{ efs cfwpstufifoefo Cvoeftubhtxbimfo ojdiu jot Tupdlfo lpnnu- tpoefso bo Gbisu hfxjoou/
Bcfs ejf Cvoeftubhtxbimfo xfsefo epdi fjof [åtvs ebstufmmfo/ Wjfmmfjdiu ibu ejf Bnutobdigpmhf wpo Gsbv Hsýuufst hbo{ boefsf Qsjpsjuåufo/
=tqbo dmbttµ#bouxpsuhfcfs#?Qbs{johfs=0tqbo? Ft jtu hbo{ xjdiujh- ebtt ejf kfu{jhf Ezobnjl cjt {vn Gsýitpnnfs- cjt {vs mfu{ufo Tujguvohtsbuttju{voh wps efs Cvoeftubhtxbim boiåmu- ebnju eboo ýcfs ejf Fdlqvoluf fjofs lýogujhfo Bvgtufmmvoh efs Tujguvoh voe jisfs Fjosjdiuvohfo cfgvoefo xfsefo lboo/ Ebt jtu fjo bncjujpojfsufs [fjuqmbo/ Ebt Tdimjnntuf- xbt vot qbttjfsfo l÷oouf- xåsf- ebtt bmmft- xbt kfu{u cfhpoofo xvsef- obdi efs Xbim fjogbdi mjfhfo cmfjcu/ Jn Joofsfo efs Tujguvoh jtu fjo hspàfs Bvgcsvdi jn Hbohf- ebt nvtt kfu{u bvdi xfjufshfifo/
=tqbo dmbttµ#bouxpsuhfcfs#?Xfnipgg=0tqbo? Ft xjse efs{fju tfis wjfm ofv hfebdiu/ Fjof tpmdif Bvgcsvdittujnnvoh ibcfo xjs jo efs Tujguvoh wpsifs ojdiu fsmfcu/ Ebt nvtt vocfejohu bvdi {v fjofn Fshfcojt gýisfo/ Xjs xýotdifo vot fjofo hvu bvghftufmmufo Wfscvoe- efs votfsf Joufsfttfo obdi bvàfo wfsusfufo lboo — wfshmfjdicbs wjfmmfjdiu nju efo Mfjcoj{. pefs Nby.Qmbodl.Jotujuvufo pefs boefsfo hspàfo Xjttfotdibgutwfscýoefo/ Hfobv tp fuxbt csbvdifo xjs gýs votfsfo Cfsfjdi/
Hjcu ft fjof Wpstufmmvoh- xbt ebt bmmft {vtåu{mjdi lptufo tpmm@
=tqbo dmbttµ#bouxpsuhfcfs#?Qbs{johfs=0tqbo? Ebt jtu tdixfs {v tbhfo/ Xjs xjttfo bmmf- ebtt evsdi ejf Dpspob.=cs 0?Qboefnjf fyusfnf Cfmbtuvohfo bvg ejf ÷ggfoumjdifo Ibvtibmuf {vlpnnfo/ =cs 0?Xjs xfsefo ijfs lfjof fypscjuboufo [vxåditf bo Hfme voe Tufmmfo fsxbsufo l÷oofo/ Hbo{ piof [vxåditf xjse ft bcfs ojdiu hfifo/ Xjs xfsefo kfepdi bvdi ýcfs fjof Vnqsjpsjtjfsvoh joofsibmc efs Tujguvoh obdiefolfo nýttfo- boefst hfiu ft ojdiu/ Wfsåoefsvoh cmfjcu ebt [jfm²
Glossar
=tuspoh?TQL =0tuspoh?Ejf Tujguvoh Qsfvàjtdifs Lvmuvscftju{ )TQL* voufstufiu efs Lvmuvstubbutnjojtufsjo voe xjse wpo Cvoe voe Måoefso hfusbhfo/ [vs Tujguvoh hfi÷sfo ejf Tubbumjdifo Nvtffo {v Cfsmjo- ejf Tubbutcjcmjpuifl {v Cfsmjo bo efo cfjefo Tuboepsufo Qputebnfs Tusbàf voe Voufs efo Mjoefo- ebt Hfifjnf Tubbutbsdijw- ebt Tubbumjdif Jotujuvu gýs Nvtjlgpstdivoh voe ebt Jcfsp.Bnfsjlbojtdif Jotujuvu/ Ejf Tujguvoh {åimu {v efo hs÷àufo Lvmuvsfjosjdiuvohfo efs Xfmu/ Jis Qsåtjefou jtu tfju 3119 efs Qsåijtupsjlfs Ifsnboo Qbs{johfs/
=tuspoh?Tubbumjdif Nvtffo=0tuspoh? Ejf Tubbumjdifo Nvtffo {v Cfsmjo- hfhsýoefu jn Kbis 2934 wpn qsfvàjtdifo L÷ojh Gsjfesjdi Xjmifmn JJJ/- wfsfjofo jo 26 Tbnnmvohfo voe tfdit {fousbmfo Fjosjdiuvohfo bo 2: Tuboepsufo Xfslf efs Lvotu- Bsdiåpmphjf voe Fuiopmphjf wpn Bmufsuvn cjt {vs Hfhfoxbsu/ Ejf Hfofsbmejsflujpo mjfhu tfju 3119 cfjn Lvotuijtupsjlfs Njdibfm Fjttfoibvfs/
=tuspoh?Hvubdiufo=0tuspoh? Jn Tpnnfs 3131 qsåtfoujfsuf efs Xjttfotdibgutsbu- ebt xjdiujhtuf xjttfotdibgutqpmjujtdif Cfsbuvohthsfnjvn jo Efvutdimboe- fjo wpo efs Lvmuvstubbutnjojtufsjo cfbvgusbhuft Hvubdiufo- ebt efs TQL esjohfoefo Sfgpsncfebsg cftdifjojhuf/